Journal: iScience

Article Title: The potential of Protaetia brevitarsis as a functional food that enhances immune function and gut microbiota in mice

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.114939

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of PB on immunity of mice CK, 100% basal diet; PB1, 5% PB powder + 95% basal diet; PB2, 10% PB powder + 90% basal diet; PB3, 20% PB powder + 80% basal diet. (A) The transformation value of T lymphocytes converting into lymphoblasts upon stimulation with ConA in vitro . (B) The degree of inflammatory response in the foot sole of mice after injection of SRBC. (C) The phagocytic index (α) of macrophages in the liver and spleen for carbon particles. (D) Phagocytosis index of chicken erythrocytes by peritoneal macrophages. (E) Phagocytosis percentage of chicken erythrocytes by peritoneal macrophages. (F) The content of hemolysin in the serum. It is expressed as the half value of hemolysin (HC50). (G) The content of IgG in the serum. (H) The content of IgA in the serum. (I) The content of TNF-α in the serum. (J) NK cell activity. Expressed by the amount of LDH released by YAC-1 cells after being killed by NK cells. Each experiment is conducted independently and does not interfere with the others. Each experiment has 10 biological replicates and 3 technical replicates. Data are presented as mean ± SE. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons; ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the CK group.

Article Snippet: Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit , Lianke Biotech , Cat# EK282/4-48.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, In Vitro, Injection, Activity Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Precisely regulated physically-crosslinked carriers enable synergetic release of bioactive factors for MSC-mediated cartilage regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo chondrogenesis of hydrogels incorporated with different combinations of PSF and KSF. (a) Alcian blue and Safranin O staining of different combinations after 21-day implantation. G1: 5 % β-sheet PSF +5 % β-sheet KSF; G2: 15 % β-sheet PSF +30 % β-sheet KSF; G3: 30 % β-sheet PSF +40 % β-sheet KSF; G4: 40 % β-sheet PSF +50 % β-sheet KSF. Scale bar = 200 μm. (b–d) Quantitative analysis of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α surrounding defect cartilage 1 week and 3 weeks after operation. (e, f) Macroscopic and MRI observations of rat femoral condyles at week 6 and 12. Red circles and red arrows show the original defect zone under macroscope and MRI respectively. Scale bar = 1 mm. (g) Relative ratio of average optical density (versus G1) that shows the staining intensity of Alcian blue and Safranin O staining. (h) ICRS scoring of macroscopic evaluations. (i) The repaired cartilage using a nanoindentation instrument. Scale bar = 1 cm. (j, k) Reduced modulus and hardness of the regenerated cartilage. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was collected, and Elisa assay was performed following the manufacturer's instructions for rat IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α ELISA kits (Elabscience, China).

Techniques: In Vivo, Staining

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: M2-exo@HI promotes in vitro microglia polarization, BBB repair and neuroprotection. (a) Flow cytometry analysis of M1-type (CD86 + ) and M2-type microglia (CD163 + ) following treatment with different formulations. (b,c) Percentages of CD86 + and CD163 + microglia populations (n = 3). (d–g) The cytokine levels of IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-1β in treated microglia (n = 3). (h) Fluorescence microscopy images showing erythrophagocytosis by microglia across treatment groups. (i) Schematic of the in vitro BBB model assessing FITC-dextran permeability using a transwell assay. (j) Quantitative analysis of FITC-dextran penetration (n = 7). (k) Flow cytometry analysis of neuronal apoptosis across treatments (n = 3). (l) Quantitative analysis of neuronal apoptosis (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits included mouse TNF- α ELISA kit (Solarbio), mouse IL-10 ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse Hp ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse IL-1β ELISA kit (Solarbio), and TGF-β ELISA kit (Solarbio).

Techniques: In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Permeability, Transwell Assay

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Epidemiological investigation and antimicrobial resistance profiling of Salmonella in broiler chickens with assessment of Lactococcus lactis probiotic therapy

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.105967

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Lactococcus lactis IL403 on TNF-α release by murine macrophages. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone as a positive control. Co-treatment with L. lactis IL403 significantly reduced LPS-induced TNF-α secretion. Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Statistical significance compared to LPS-only control is indicated ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: TNF-α concentrations were detected with Mouse TNF-α Quantikine ELISA Kits (R&D Systems, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.

Techniques: Positive Control, Control

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Two Tailed Test, Concentration Assay, Control, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: iMDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of bone formation and inflammatory cytokines. (A) Representative micro-CT images of distal femora (top) with three-dimensional reconstruction of the region of interest (bottom), with the blue indicating higher-density bone and the red indicating lower-density bone. (B – D) Statistical quantification of trabecular bone microstructural parameters (BMD, BV/TV, and Tb.Th). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (E) Representative images of trabecular bone area in distal femur sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Scale bar, 200 μm or 50 μm. (F) Quantitative analysis of the trabecular bone area of the distal femur stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (G) Immunohistochemical staining of OCN in distal femurs. Scale bar, 200 μm or 50 μm. (H) Quantitative analysis of OCN-positive area. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (I) Western blotting analysis of inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in mouse bone tissues. (J) Inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in mouse serum was detected by ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; “ns” indicates non-significant differences.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Micro-CT, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Western Blot, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of MDK alleviating bone loss. MDK is significantly elevated in the serum of postmenopausal osteoporotic women and ovariectomized mice. Due to estrogen deficiency, iMDK alleviates bone loss by promoting bone formation and inhibiting inflammatory factors. Recombinant MDK protein inhibits osteogenic differentiation through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and up-regulates inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Recombinant